Sub-Factor Theory

The following are believed to be most relevant to skill of visualisation:

The ability to hold and compare images (using both 3D representations and multi-view representations of an object.

The ability to manipulate 3D objects within a 3D configuration (to rotate the object)

The ability to deconstruct and manipulate these deconstructed components of a 3D object within a 3D configuration (unfolding and folding, sections, embedded figures)- interfering mentally with the integrity of a 3D object.

In order to better facilitate the development of spatial intelligence it becomes necessary to deconstruct the main ability. Spatial ability has been broken down into five contributing sub-factors to allow more in depth analysis:

In ascending order according to factor-of-difficulty:

Space Factor1 (SF1)

Image holding and comparing

This should be carried out with imaginary components - Spatial decomposition. Break an entity down into non-overlapping parts and specify topographical relations between them.

Space Factor 2 (SF2)

Planar rotation :

Of 2D or 3D objects within a single plane. Again rearranging imaginary objects is harder.

Space Factor 3 (SF3)

Orientation:

‘Ability to imagine an object in 2D or 3D as viewed from various vantage points by the
spectator’ - spectator moves to occupy various imaginary viewing points – component remains static.

Space Factor 4 (SF4)

Kinetic Imagery:

‘Ability to manipulate or rotate an object in the imagination.’ Imagining it as it changes position in space moving in any axis.

Space Factor 5 (SF5)

Dynamic Imagery:

‘Ability to manipulate elements within a 3D configuration’ – to ‘ explode’ for example – modify, re-assemble elements within a component

This hierarchy of sub-factors arises from the recent research of Gaughran into the Graphics Code, Visualisation and CAD. He asserts that gradually and sequentially developing such abilities improves spatial comprehension and performance at complex graphical tasks.